Recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep, usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep episode, accompanied by either sleepwalking (complex behaviour without full consciousness) or sleep terrors (abrupt awakenings with intense fear/autonomic arousal; difficult to console)
Repeated episodes of arousal during sleep associated with vocalisation and/or complex motor behaviours
B. No or little dream imagery recalled C. Amnesia for the episodes D. Episodes cause clinically significant distress or impairment
B. These behaviours arise during REM sleep and therefore occur usually >90 min after sleep onset; are more frequent during the later portions of the sleep period; and uncommonly occur during daytime naps C. Upon awakening from these episodes, the individual is completely awake, alert, and not confused or disoriented D. Either of: REM sleep without atonia on polysomnographic recording; history of RBD + established synucleinopathy diagnosis
A. Recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep, usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep episode, accompanied by either sleepwalking (complex behaviour without full consciousness) or sleep terrors (abrupt awakenings with intense fear/autonomic arousal; difficult to console) B. No or little dream imagery recalled C. Amnesia for the episodes
A. Repeated episodes of arousal during sleep associated with vocalisation and/or complex motor behaviours B. These behaviours arise during REM sleep and therefore occur usually >90 min after sleep onset; are more frequent during the later portions of the sleep period; and uncommonly occur during daytime naps C. Upon awakening from these episodes, the individual is completely awake, alert, and not confused or disoriented
Sleepwalking type; Sleep terror type; With sleep-related eating
Acute; Subacute; Chronic; With comorbid neurodegenerative disorder
REM sleep behaviour disorder (REM sleep; recall of dreams; no amnesia; second half of night); Nocturnal seizures (epileptiform discharges on EEG; stereotyped patterns); Delirium (global cognitive disturbance; not sleep-specific)
NREM arousal disorders (sleepwalking, sleep terrors - first third of night; amnesia; no dream recall); Obstructive sleep apnoea with arousal behaviours (respiratory events on PSG); Nocturnal seizures (epileptiform activity on EEG)