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Negative core beliefs bias attention and meaning-making, often linking early experience to current automatic thoughts, affect, and behaviour.
Rumination may feel like problem-solving but often maintains low mood, shame, threat, and cognitive inflexibility.
Shame often links trauma, attachment threat, avoidance, concealment, anger, self-criticism, and disengagement from care.
Splitting can simplify unbearable ambivalence but may destabilise relationships, teams, and self-experience.
Worry attempts to prepare for danger but may maintain anxiety by overestimating threat and under-testing coping.
Biological, social and cultural material that belongs in the formulation but is not a psychological mechanism. A factor needs case evidence before it explains anything.